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1.
An. bras. dermatol ; 98(2): 216-220, March.-Apr. 2023. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1429672

ABSTRACT

Abstract Vitiligo is an autoimmune disease of the skin that results in localized or disseminated white macules. One common feature of several existing classification protocols is the distribution of the disease into two main subtypes, non-segmental vitiligo (NSV) and segmental vitiligo (SV). SV is characterized by depigmentation spreading within one or more skin segments while NSV is widespread. Several clinical-epidemiological observations suggest that SV has distinct autoimmune pathophysiology compared to NSV. Furthermore, the clinical distribution pattern of SV lesions closely resembles other melanocyte mosaicism diseases. These observations led us to hypothesize that SV is caused by a localized autoimmune reaction targeting epidermal mosaicism melanocytes. Here, we proposed examples of experimental approaches to assess mosaicism in SV patients.

2.
An. bras. dermatol ; 89(5): 784-790, Sep-Oct/2014. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-720797

ABSTRACT

In an unprecedented effort in the field of vitiligo, a global consensus resulted on a suggested new classification protocol for the disease. The main histopathological finding in vitiligo is the total absence of functioning melanocytes in the lesions, while the inflammatory cells most commonly found on the edges of the lesions are CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. Physical and pharmacological treatment strategies aim to control the autoimmune damage and stimulate melanocyte migration from the unaffected edges of lesions and the outer hair follicle root sheath to the affected skin; moreover, surgical treatments can be combined with topical and physical treatments.


Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Vitiligo/pathology , Vitiligo/therapy , Adrenal Cortex Hormones/therapeutic use , Calcineurin Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Melanocytes/pathology , Phototherapy/methods , Vitiligo/classification
3.
An. bras. dermatol ; 89(3): 461-470, May-Jun/2014. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-711614

ABSTRACT

Vitiligo is a chronic stigmatizing disease, already known for millennia, which mainly affects melanocytes from epidermis basal layer, leading to the development of hypochromic and achromic patches. Its estimated prevalence is 0.5% worldwide. The involvement of genetic factors controlling susceptibility to vitiligo has been studied over the last decades, and results of previous studies present vitiligo as a complex, multifactorial and polygenic disease. In this context, a few genes, including DDR1, XBP1 and NLRP1 have been consistently and functionally associated with the disease. Notwithstanding, environmental factors that precipitate or maintain the disease are yet to be described. The pathogenesis of vitiligo has not been totally clarified until now and many theories have been proposed. Of these, the autoimmune hypothesis is now the most cited and studied among experts. Dysfunction in metabolic pathways, which could lead to production of toxic metabolites causing damage to melanocytes, has also been investigated. Melanocytes adhesion deficit in patients with vitiligo is mainly speculated by the appearance of Köebner phenomenon, recently, new genes and proteins involved in this deficit have been found.


Subject(s)
Humans , Vitiligo/genetics , Genetic Linkage/genetics , Autoimmune Diseases/genetics , Vitiligo/immunology , Vitiligo/metabolism , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Genetic Association Studies , Melanocytes/immunology
4.
An. bras. dermatol ; 86(6): 1141-1144, nov.-dez. 2011. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-610446

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: The Amazon region corresponds to approximately 40 percent of the cases of leishmaniasis in Brazil. We report a prospective study with 180 patients conducted in a health care unit that diagnoses 10 percent of the cases of leishmaniasis in the Brazilian Amazon. The study addresses how a combination of procedures improves diagnosis in areas with high prevalence of Leishmania guyanensis. OBJECTIVES: to evaluate diagnostic methods in areas with high prevalence of Leishmania guyanensis. METHODS: All subjects were amastigote-positive by direct microscopic examination of lesion scarifications. We conducted skin biopsy and histopathology, polymerase chain reaction and parasite cultivation. RESULTS: Polymerase chain reaction detected almost ninety percent of infections when two amplification protocols were used (mini-exon and HSP-70). HSP-70 specific polymerase chain reaction matched the sensitivity of parasite cultivation plus histopathology. CONCLUSION: The best combination was polymerase chain reaction plus histopathology, which increased diagnostic sensitivity to 94 percent. Species discrimination by polymerase chain reaction disclosed prevalence of human infections with Leishmania guyanensis of 94 percent and with Leishmania braziliensis of 6 percent for this region.


FUNDAMENTOS: O Amazonas corresponde a aproximadamente 40 por cento dos casos de leishmaniose do país. Nós reportamos um estudo prospectivo com 180 pacientes de uma unidade de saúde que diagnostica 10 por cento dos casos de leishmaniose da amazônia brasileira, com combinação de métodos diagnóstico em área de alta prevalência de Leishmania guyanensis. OBJETIVOS: avaliar métodos diagnóstico da Leishmaniose em área endêmica para Leishmania Amazonensis. MÉTODOS: Todos os pacientes tiveram exame direto positivo com presença de amastigotas. Foi feita também biópsia cutânea, com realização de exame histológico, reação em cadeia da polimerase e cultura. RESULTADO: A reação em cadeia da polimerase detectou aproximadamente 90 por cento de infecção quando foram usados duas técnicas de amplificação (mini-exon and HSP-70). A reação em cadeia da polimerase com HSP-70 foi mais sensível que a cultura associada à histopatologia. CONCLUSÃO: A melhor combinação foi a reação em cadeia da polimerase com histopatologia, com sensibilidade de 94 por cento. A discrimanação das espécies causadoras de infecção humana nessa região mostrou Leishmania guyanensis em 94 por cento dos casos e Leishmania brasiliensis em 6 por cento.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Leishmania guyanensis/isolation & purification , Leishmaniasis, Mucocutaneous/diagnosis , Biopsy , Brazil , Leishmania braziliensis/isolation & purification , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Prevalence , Prospective Studies , Sensitivity and Specificity
5.
An. bras. dermatol ; 86(4): 708-715, jul.-ago. 2011.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-600613

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: In the pre-microbiological era, it was widely accepted that diseases, today known to be infectious, were hereditary. With the discovery of microorganisms and their role in the pathogenesis of several diseases, it was suggested that exposure to the pathogen was enough to explain infection. Nowadays, it is clear that infection is the result of a complex interplay between pathogen and host, therefore dependant on the genetic make-up of the two organisms. Dermatology offers several examples of infectious diseases in different stages of understanding of their molecular basis. In this review, we summarize the main advances towards dissecting the genetic component controlling human susceptibility to infectious diseases of interest in dermatology. Widely investigated diseases such as leprosy and leishmaniasis are discussed from the genetic perspective of both host and pathogen. Others, such as rare mycobacterioses, fungal infections and syphilis, are presented as good opportunities for research in the field of genetics of infection.


INTRODUÇÃO: Durante a era pré-microbiológica, era comum a visão de que doenças, hoje sabidamente infecciosas, eram hereditárias. Com a descoberta dos microorganismos e seu papel na patogênese de diversas patologias, chegou-se a propor que a exposição ao patógeno era condição suficiente para explicar infecção. Hoje, está claro que infecção é o resultado de uma complexa interação entre patógeno e hospedeiro, dependendo portanto, em última análise, do make-up genético de ambos os organismos. A dermatologia oferece diversos exemplos de doenças infecciosas em diferentes graus de entendimento de suas bases moleculares. Nesta revisão, resumimos os principais avanços na direção da dissecção do componente genético controlando suscetibilidade do ser humano a doenças infecciosas de importância na dermatologia. Doenças amplamente estudadas, como a hanseníase e a leishmaniose, são discutidas sob o ponto de vista da genética tanto do hospedeiro quanto do patógeno. Outras, como micobacterioses raras, micoses e sífilis, são apresentadas como boas oportunidades para pesquisa na área de genética de infecção.


Subject(s)
Humans , Genetic Predisposition to Disease/genetics , Host-Pathogen Interactions/genetics , Skin Diseases, Infectious/genetics , Histoplasmosis/genetics , Leishmania/genetics , Leishmaniasis/genetics , Leprosy/genetics , Mycobacterium leprae/genetics , Paracoccidioidomycosis/genetics , Risk Factors , Syphilis, Cutaneous/genetics , Tuberculosis, Cutaneous/genetics
6.
Salud(i)ciencia (Impresa) ; 18(2): 138-141, mar. 2011.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-610112

ABSTRACT

Hanseníase é uma doença infecciosa crônica que ainda afeta aproximadamente 215.000 pessoas em todo o mundo. Observações clínicas e epidemiológicas sugerem que apenas uma pequena parcela de indivíduos expostos ao Mycobacterium leprae desenvolvem a doença. Hoje, sabe-se que mecanismos de controle da suscetibilidade a fenótipos da doença dependem, em grande parte, das características genéticas do hospedeiro. Esta revisão oferece uma síntese dos últimos avanços obtidos na área a partir de estudos genéticos epidemiológicos e funcionais.


Subject(s)
Leprostatic Agents , Leprosy/diagnosis , Leprosy/physiopathology , Leprosy/genetics , Mycobacterium leprae
8.
An. bras. dermatol ; 82(5): 451-459, set.-out. 2007. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-471172

ABSTRACT

A hanseníase é doença infecciosa milenar que, apesar da existência de terapêutica eficaz, ainda persiste como problema de saúde pública em seis países, entre eles o Brasil, líder mundial em prevalência da doença. Ao longo das últimas décadas, a hanseníase vem sendo estudada por perspectiva talvez inesperada para uma doença infecciosa: modernos métodos de análise experimental têm sido empregados para evidenciar a importância do componente genético no controle da susceptibilidade do hospedeiro à hanseníase e seus fenótipos. Esses estudos indicam que constituição genética favorável do hospedeiro, somada a fatores propícios, ambientais e relativos ao agente patogênico, tem alto impacto na definição da susceptibilidade tanto à infecção propriamente dita quanto à evolução clínica da doença. Hoje, diversos genes e regiões genômicas já foram relacionados ao controle da susceptibilidade à hanseníase. Outros estudos estão em andamento, visando ao avanço no entendimento das bases moleculares de controle da susceptibilidade do hospedeiro à doença. O conjunto de resultados desses estudos pode levar a formas mais eficazes de diagnóstico, tratamento e prevenção da hanseníase e outras doenças infecciosas.


Leprosy is an ancient chronic infectious disease that, despite the existence of efficient therapy, still persists as a public health problem in six countries, including Brazil, the world leader in leprosy prevalence. During the past decades, leprosy has been studied from a somewhat unusual perspective for an infectious disease: modern methods for experimental analysis have been applied to demonstrate the existence of an important genetic effect controlling host susceptibility to leprosy and its phenotypes. These studies indicate that a favorable host genetic make-up, combined with environmental and pathogen-related variables, has a high impact on the definition of susceptibility to both infection and clinical manifestation of leprosy. To date, several genes and genomic regions have been implicated in the control of leprosy susceptibility. Additional ongoing studies aim at advancing further in the elucidation of the molecular basis of host susceptibility to the disease. This body of evidence may lead to new strategies for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of leprosy and other infectious diseases.

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